A 2025 study by Zheng et al. used data from over 16,000 Chinese adults between 1997–2011. They found that simply owning a refrigerator was linked to a 39% increase in daily calorie intake, a rise in fat and protein consumption, and more processed food in the diet—alongside higher obesity risk, especially among older adults and men.

For the first time, the federal government is officially acknowledging the link between ultra-processed foods and skyrocketing rates of chronic illness, metabolic dysfunction, and neurodevelopmental issues like autism and ADHD.

Despite the wholesome label, “natural flavors” often contain highly processed chemical mixtures derived from plants or animals, but with little nutritional value.

A 2025 study identified specific metabolite patterns—called poly-metabolite scores—that accurately reflect UPF intake. These biomarkers offer an objective alternative to self-reported diets, aiding large-scale nutrition research and potentially linking UPF consumption to health outcomes.