According to a report from Dr. Mark Hyman’s website, caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive compound on Earth and can be both a friend and foe to your health.

A 2024 study from Tufts University published in The Journal of Nutrition found that drinking 1–3 cups of black coffee per day was linked to a 14–17% lower risk of death from any cause, including cardiovascular disease. But when that coffee is loaded with sugar or saturated fat, the benefit fades fast.