A 2025 study by Zheng et al. used data from over 16,000 Chinese adults between 1997–2011. They found that simply owning a refrigerator was linked to a 39% increase in daily calorie intake, a rise in fat and protein consumption, and more processed food in the diet—alongside higher obesity risk, especially among older adults and men.

A 2025 meta-analysis published in Physiological Measurement evaluated 56 studies assessing the Apple Watch’s accuracy in monitoring health metrics. The findings indicate that while the device reliably measures heart rate and step counts, its accuracy in estimating energy expenditure (calories burned) is limited.